Laser and other advanced optical spectroscopies are employed to study the chemical properties of materials, the electrode/electrolyte interface in advanced battery systems, turbulent combustion, and particulate emissions from diesel engines. X-rays from synchrotron light sources and NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) are used in studies of components for advanced batteries and fuel cells. Chemical analysis instrumentation such as high-performance liquid chromatographs (HPLC) assist in analyzing catalytic reactions.